From college students facing an essay deadline to professional bloggers trying to make a little cash, everyone who writes will occasionally stare down at his creation
and realize it sounds dull and lifeless. So why is this problem so much worse
for fiction writers, who often fail to find a fix?
Every writer who is not
eternally delusional will at least once in his lifetime complete his latest
masterpiece and give it a quick read to confirm its brilliance, only to
discover that it sucks. The piece in question, perhaps a hard-hitting
university essay on climate change or maybe a from-the-heart Facebook post on
motherhood, will come across so flat that the only tears it will elicit come
from the writer himself as he realizes it’s a colossal failure.
Often the writer will
grit his teeth and dig into a hearty rewrite, determined to whip the writing
into shape by changing a few words and moving some others around. This will be
followed by more revision, followed by more, and more. Still, the result will
be the same. You’ve written the crap out of it, but it’s still crappy. You’ve
poured your heart into it, but it’s still lifeless.
So what’s gone wrong? In
most cases, the problem doesn’t lie with what you’ve written; it instead stems
from what you haven’t written. To put it in a less riddle-like fashion, your
writing has come up short because you don’t have something to say or, at the
very least, don’t have enough to say.
As a newspaper editor,
I recall dozens of conversations with reporters returning from an assignment who would sigh and flip aimlessly through their notebook after I asked what their story would say. It was clear they
weren’t sure. In almost every case, they needed to do more reporting before they were
in a position to start writing.
These professional
writers are not alone. Countless people facing a writing deadline begin typing before
they’ve spent enough time gathering research and grooming their ideas. Often they
lack the basic facts to support their argument or the emotional
first-person interviews to bring it to life. Sometimes they don’t even have an
argument to make because they can't draw any meaning from the insufficient research and
interviews they collected. So they dump all their energy into
trying to write around the holes, when what they really need to do is keep
gathering information and continue exploring what it means, only stopping when all this fresh material
comes together in an urgent sense of direction. At this moment they will know exactly what they want to say, and they will feel the story or essay trying to force itself into the
light. Only when this happens, only when the controlling idea coalesces in
startling clarity in their minds, is it finally time to sit down and write.
So, when it comes to
fiction, this problem of flat writing stemming from a less-than-fully-formed creation should not be an issue, right? After all,
fiction writers are just making all this stuff up, so there is no reason for
their work to land with a non-compelling thud. Yet it often does. And
strangely, fiction writers are often the worst suited to address such a potentially manuscript-destroying setback.
The first thing they do
when a scene comes up short is begin furiously rewriting, because rewriting is
writing, and everyone knows first drafts are shit. And sometimes that’s all the
scene in question needs. But often the flaw runs much deeper, and no amount of
beautiful language, intriguing characters, amazing metaphors and witty and
realistic dialogue will bring it to life. So they try adding something, often
action. Maybe a main character needs to get hurt or perhaps suffer a broken
heart. Yet these panicked and contrived revisions still leave the writer unsatisfied and ultimately struggling to understand why, even with the help of other
writers who will review the scene and offer small bits of advice they’ve read
in books and magazines, along with a little well-meaning encouragement.
Unfortunately, some fiction
writers never discover the true problem, because they are looking in the wrong
place. Like the students and bloggers and social media fiends who struggle
because they don’t have enough to say when they sit down to write, these
fiction writers fail to realize their problem doesn’t lie in what they’ve
written, but instead in what they haven’t written. Specifically, it rests in a narrative
structure that’s lacking in at least one crucial way.
Usually their
predicament can be boiled down to one four-letter word: risk. There is not
enough at stake in what they’ve written, and no amount of rewriting will change
it. Screenwriting guru Robert McKee describes it this way in his book,
appropriately named Story: “Here’s a
simple test to apply to any story. Ask: What is the risk? What does the
protagonist stand to lose if he does not get what he wants? More specifically,
what’s the worst thing that will happen to the protagonist if he does not
achieve his desire? If this question cannot be answered in a compelling way,
the story is misconceived at its core.”
Often, McKee says, the weak
scene amounts to little more than exposition, and if its sole justification is
to convey information about the characters, world or history, the scene should be
trashed and the information woven elsewhere into the story.
Sometimes a fiction
writer’s beloved scene can be saved, but only by revising the structure of the
scene and perhaps the entire novel. So how exactly?
Lisa Cron is a writing coach
and instructor and the author of the book Wired for Story: The Writer’s Guide to Using Brain Science to Hook
Readers from the Very First Sentence. For fiction writers wishing only to
read one book about their craft, this is the one I recommend.
Cron argues that our
brains are hardwired to turn to story to teach us how to navigate the world,
usually from the safety of our own home, in a survival-driven dress rehearsal
for the future. She also believes humans
are hardwired to recognize good and bad stories but not to write a good one.
She explains, “When a
story enthralls us, we are inside of it, feeling what the protagonist feels,
experiencing it as if it were indeed happening to us, and the last thing we’re
focusing on is the mechanics of the thing. So it’s no surprise that we tend to
be utterly oblivious to the fact that beneath every captivating story, there is
an intricate mesh of inter-connected elements holding it together, allowing it
to build with seemingly effortless precision.”
She perfectly describes
a story as “how what happens affects someone who is trying to achieve what
turns out to be a difficult goal, and how he or she changes as a result. As
counterintuitive as it may sound, a story is not about the plot or even what
happens in it. Stories are about how we, rather than the world around us,
change.”
So, back to that flat
scene. In any fiction scene you write, you need to ask yourself what your
protagonist wants (like finding love) and what inner issues or long-held belief
(like fear of commitment stemming from a crazy college girlfriend who nearly
destroyed his life) must be overcome to get it. Then you need to ask yourself
if the conflict your character faces in that scene is related to both his quest
and his inner issue. If something feels off about the scene, like perhaps there’s
not enough at stake, odds are the obstacles in your protagonist’s way are not
relevant to either his quest or inner issue. And if what’s happening doesn’t
matter in the big picture, why should anyone care? Which translates into: Why
should anyone keep reading?
What this means is that
every single word you write in a novel must relate directly to the protagonist’s
quest and the inner issue he must overcome, with the obstacles steadily
increasing, with the risk constantly rising. And remember, somewhere in your story is the
sound of a ticking clock, which means a sense of urgency pervades the entire manuscript.
Even once you've written an entire flawed manuscript, you can return to it and, scene by scene, make the necessary repairs. But it's a huge job. It's much easier to ask the tough structural questions before you’ve written a single word. This means that early on in the process you
need to outline your way to your main character’s final destination. Some
fiction writers contend you can’t write the first sentence of a novel
until you’ve written the last one, and they're right about this paradox.
With my debut novel, Sneaker Wave, I created an outline of
the entire novel and then wrote the final scene first. This way I knew the exact
destination of my protagonist’s risked-filled journey, making it easy to determine
if a particular stretch of road fit within my narrative structure, and whether there
was enough at stake in that scene to make it sing.
In other words, before
I sat down to write, I made sure I knew exactly what I wanted to say. And this
helped make it much easier to try to write something captivating.